This exhibition was curated by Meghan C. Doherty.

For more information on specific topics relating to indigenous basketry and ongoing research for the preservation of ash trees, please visit our summer event series page.

Use the links to navigate the sections of the exhibition.

Of Baskets and Borers

Abenaki Peoples in the White Mountains

Emerald Ash Borer – Spread of EAB

The Ash Protection Collaboration Across Wabanakik (APCAW)

Making and Knowing – Ash and EAB

Curve Wall

Protecting Against EAB

Abenaki Indian Shop, Intervale, NH

Living Traditions

Lingering Ash: A Source of Hope

Additional Resources

Final Note

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Of Baskets and Borers

Since the glaciers receded 12,000 years ago and the temperate forest grew up behind them, Indigenous peoples have called this region Ndakina, home. Over many generations, they developed reciprocal relationships with the land, water, plants, and animals. This exhibition explores one of those relationships – one that they developed with the brown ash tree. This species is featured in one of the Wabanaki creation stories. Baskets woven from these splints were central to daily life. The unique structure of the growth rings makes it possible to pound the rings apart into flexible splints. This millennia-old relationship is now threatened by the emerald ash borer, an invasive insect that has devastated ash trees across the Upper Midwest and much of the Northeast. While the threat to this cultural knowledge is real, all is not lost. Current research has begun to offer approaches to preserve and protect ash trees. The approaches to ash preservation we highlight in this exhibition are critical to the survival of the species. 

Key Terms

Abaznoda, Basket—Traditionally woven with splints of brown/black ash  

Maahlakws, Black or Brown Ash, Fraxinus nigra—Species of ash tree that thrives in wet areas whose growth rings can be separated by pounding, called both brown and black across the region 

Wlimskikoa, Sweetgrass, Hierochloe odorata—Marshland grass used in basket making 

8—The symbol “8” is one of the oldest Indigenous linguistic forms, expressing a nasal “o”, which is pronounced “ô” or “on”, a sound that is not used in the French or English language. 

Ndakina, Our Territory—Historically defined by watersheds that played a major role regarding W8banakiak occupations and annual migrations across their territory 

Odanak, Our Town—Abenaki First Nations Reserve in Quebec, located at the confluence of the St. Francis and St. Lawrence Rivers (215 miles NW from MWM) 

Turtle Island—land mass also known as North and Central America based on Indigenous oral histories that explain how the continent was formed on the back of a turtle 

W8banaki, People of the Dawn—the contraction of the words W8ban (dawn) and Aki (earth) which, taken together, means People of the Dawn or People of the East or People of the Rising Sun. When the word is used in its adjectival form, it is used in the same way, simply without capitalization. The plural of W8banaki is W8banakiak, which is formed by adding the suffix -ak to the end of the word. 

Sources: The Canadian Encyclopedia; W8banaki

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Abenaki Peoples in the White Mountains

Standing (Left to Right): Robert Wawanolett, Florence L. Benedict, and Maude M’Sadoques, ca. 1920, Photographed in front of their summer camp on Strawberry Hill in Bethlehem, NH 

Between 1870 and 1920, basket making was the primary source of income for many families in Odanak. The family shown in this postcard travelled to their camp on Strawberry Hill in Bethlehem for many summers to sell their baskets to tourists. Other families had summer camps where they sold baskets in Vermont, Maine, New York, New Jersey, and as far away as Michigan. 

This postcard was the springboard that launched this entire exhibition. The only representation of Abenaki peoples in the White Mountains in our collection, it led me to learn more about the Abenaki and their long-standing connections to the region. I reached out to Daniel Nolett, Executive Director/Kin8dokawawinno of the Abenaki Band Council of Odanak, and he graciously agreed to share his research with me. 

Be sure to add the Musée des Abenakis in Odanak to your list of places to visit, so you can learn more about Abenaki culture. 

Meghan Doherty 

MWM Director

The camp shown in the postcard was a small remnant of the extensive Abenaki presence in the White Mountains. This map highlights the historical role of watersheds in shaping Indigenous territories and annual migrations. The names of the lakes and rivers in the region are important reminders of this. The red stars show the Abenaki communities at Odanak and W8linak. The flags represent the other First Nations and Tribal Nations in the region. 

Purchased in the Lakes Region in the 1950s at an antique store, this basket was likely made for the tourist trade in the nineteenth century. As early as the 1890s, Abenaki basket makers were concerned about competition from non-Native basket makers. To help protect their trade, a group from Odanak circulated a petition asking hotel owners in the region “not to let any but Indians or those married to Indian women” sell baskets to their guests.

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The Spread of Emerald Ash Borer

The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first detected in 2002 in Michigan, U.S and shortly thereafter in Ontario, Canada. It likely was introduced to North America from Asia in the mid to late 1990s, probably as a stowaway in wooden shipping materials. Since then, the insect has killed tens of millions of trees as it has spread quickly across the geographic ranges of all species of ash trees. Since adult EABs can only fly five to ten miles each year, their spread is not observed through their own movements but is rather due to humans moving infested ash firewood and timber. Larvae move undetected under the bark of these materials, hatch out, and infest new areas, creating what scientists call a satellite infestation. In the Northeast, the movement of firewood has been a major contributor to EAB’s spread. The insect was first detected in New Hampshire in 2013 and has since been confirmed in all its counties. The map of New Hampshire showing the town-by-town spread makes it clear that there is still work to be done to slow its progression. Be sure to not move firewood!

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The Ash Protection Collaboration Across Wabanakik (APCAW)

The Ash Protection Collaboration Across Wabanakik (APCAW) is a group of Indigenous and non-indigenous researchers, Tribal members, and forest caretakers working together to spread awareness of the cultural and ecological significance of ash trees and efforts to conserve them.  

Ash trees, in particular the brown ash (Fraxinus nigra), are a cultural keystone species for Wabanaki communities and a crucial part of wetland ecosystems in the Northeast. They have a wide range of economic, ecological, and cultural values. The spread of the invasive forest pest emerald ash borer (EAB) has caused 99% brown ash tree mortality in other areas of Turtle Island, and they will have a considerable effect on ecosystems and traditions as it spreads through the Dawnland, the land the sun first touches each day as it rises in the East.  

APCAW members acknowledge that they live and work in the homeland of the Wabanaki Confederacy, which includes the Abenaki, Maliseet, Mi’kmaq, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot Tribal Nations and First Nations. Wabanakik has an ongoing legacy of colonialism—stolen land, broken treaties, forced removal, and genocide of Wabanaki peoples, which have fragmented Wabanaki relationships to land. The People of the Dawn have maintained a sacred relationship with brown ash trees since time immemorial. APCAW’s work is to center, protect, and restore this ongoing relationship between Wabanaki peoples and ash trees.

For more information: please visit, https://umaine.edu/apcaw/

As the emerald ash borer (EAB) continues to move into areas of our forests, it is helpful for landowners and users to keep records of where ash is located to be able to monitor for EAB, collect seed, and implement management plans. In areas where ash trees are dying, landowners and users should monitor stands for lingering ash. Lingering ash are those mature, native, untreated ash trees that persist in a healthy condition significantly after most of the other ash in the same area have been killed by EAB. Natural resistance to EAB can help scientists develop more resistant trees.  

Inventory

There are three kinds of ash trees found in our region: white ash (Fraxinus americana), brown or black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Habitat is key to determining the species you find. Brown ash likes to “keep its feet wet” and tends to grow in wetlands or along streams where the water table is higher. Green and white ash are typically found in low hills with moist soil, but green ash is rarer in the region. Green and white ash are also common ornamental street trees. 

EAB Monitoring 

It is somewhat rare to see the beetle itself on an ash tree. However, you can identify that an ash tree is hosting EAB if it is showing signs of woodpecker activity, crown dieback, epicormic shoots (sprouts that grow from roots and trunks in an abnormal way), D-shaped exit holes (made by adults as they exit the tree), and s-shaped feeding galleries underneath their bark (made by larvae). 

Seed Collection  

Seed collection is an important avenue to protect ash for the long-term. Collected seeds can be used for research to identify ash trees with natural genetic resistance to EAB. Also, creating an ash seed bank will allow for the possible propagation and reintroduction of ash into forests that have been affected by EAB. Collected seeds sent to APCAW will be used for research and conservation of the species, in partnership with the Tribal Nations of the Wabanaki Confederacy. As EAB spreads, it is important to collect as much seed as possible in geographically diverse locations, particularly as seed years occur only every 5-8 years. 

Silviculture 

As EAB spreads, the widespread death of ash trees will be costly and disrupt the function of the ecosystems where these ash trees play a key role. Regardless of whether EAB has reached your area, municipalities, conservation organizations, and private landowners should develop management plans for forests where ash is present. A few things to consider are that there are male and female trees, and both are needed in the landscape to produce seed; you want to maintain a range of size classes for these trees while continuing to promote the new regeneration of ash through active management. Securing this next generation of ash trees is key as they will likely be the only ash trees to survive the initial wave of EAB in an area; and perhaps most importantly, in order to support the long term fight for ash to remain in our forests, we cannot cut all the ash in these forests when responding to EAB. Reserving ash in our forest during management will leave open the possibility of finding lingering, pest-resistant ash trees and it will give space and time for other adaptive management strategies to take positive effect in these forests. 

Biological controls 

Ongoing research has shown that four species of tiny, stingless, parasitoid wasps can be used as a targeted approach to manage EAB populations. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) coordinates the release of these wasps along with state and local agencies. The wasps were extensively studied in their native habitat and in controlled U.S. sites before being used as part of EAB treatment plans. They specifically hunt and kill EAB, which makes them a highly effective component of efforts to protect ash trees. 

Injection 

Insecticide treatments can save in the long term on removal costs and preserve seed-bearing trees. Licensed professionals inject insecticides into relatively healthy trees. If the tree is already visibly damaged, it is probably too late to treat as the tree needs to be healthy enough to move the insecticide from the injection sites throughout the entire tree. These systemic insecticides effectively kill the larvae within the treated wood. However, while it is not known whether these trees that have been treated with insecticides can be safely used by basket makers, this strategy provides hope that a seed source can be maintained at certain sites beyond the initial wave of EAB. 

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Making and Knowing – Ash and EAB

1. Basket Mold, 20th century, On loan from the Conway Historical Society
2. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), Image credit: David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
3. Braided Sweetgrass, 20th century, On loan from the Conway Historical Society
4. Ash splints, 20th century, On loan from the Conway Historical Society
5. Top Row: Two Native Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
   Middle Row: Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Eggs, Dark colored eggs parasitized by Encyrtid Wasp (Oobius agrili)
   Bottom Row: Braconid Wasp (Spathius galinae); Eulophid Wasp (Tetrastichus planipennisi)
   On loan from the New Hampshire Forest Health Program, Division of Forests and Lands
6. Encyrtid Wasp (Oobius agrili), Image Credit: Debbie Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
7. Eulophid Wasp (Tetrastichus planipennisi), Image credit: David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
8. Dried Sweetgrass, 20th century, On loan from the Conway Historical Society

9. Braconid Wasp (Spathius galinae), Image credit: Jian Duan (USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit), Wikimedia
10. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), Image Credit: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources-Forestry Archive, Wikimedia
11. Splint Cutting Tool, 20th century, On loan from the Conway Historical Society
12. Braconid Wasp (Spathius agrili), Image Credit: Houping Liu, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org
13. Braconid Wasp (Spathius galinae), Image credit: Jian Duan (USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit), Wikimedia

The distinctive structure of the tree’s annual growth rings makes it possible to pound the cut logs and have each year’s growth separate into strips. These strips are then cut into thin, pliable splints that are used to weave baskets. After the emerald ash borer eggs hatch under the bark of a tree, the larvae eat their way through these growth layers making them brittle and unusable for basket making. Look closely at the logs and branches nearby to see the larvae’s destructive paths. Harvesting ash trees for basket making is also threatened by the possibility of it being added to the endangered species list. 

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Protecting Against EAB

Unfortunately, there is no single solution for dealing with the threat of EAB posed to ash trees. Instead, teams of scientists are working on multiple projects to help lessen their impact. Since 2007, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has been using a biocontrol strategy, which involves releasing natural enemies of EAB to help control their populations. These four species of tiny, stingless wasps lay their eggs in EAB larvae and eggs, which lowers pressure on ash trees by reducing the population of EAB in the forest. Long-term studies of areas where the wasps have been released have shown that they help decrease EAB pressure on ash trees and are not a threat to native insects. 

To help slow the spread of emerald ash borer, forest health professionals inject insecticides into healthy ash trees to control larvae populations. A kit like this one was used to treat the white ash tree that is displayed nearby. 

These pieces of wood show the distinctive s-shaped feeding galleries that emerald ash borer larvae make under the bark. The larger branch was taken from one of the earliest known infested trees in New Hampshire. 

This large ash wood cookie is from a tree that was growing in somebody’s yard. It was treated with insecticide in 2015 when symptoms of emerald ash borer damage first appeared in the area, but the tree was still healthy. It was re-treated in 2018 and 2021, remaining healthy while all other ash trees in the area succumbed to EAB. It was felled in February 2022 after the homeowner had concerns that the tree was becoming dangerously large considering how close to the house it was. Evidence of the health of the tree throughout the treatment period can be seen by the wide growth rings present all the way up to the time it was felled. You can also see the cross sections of the plastic plugs used during the treatment process along with the staining caused by the insecticide. 

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Abenaki Indian Shop, Intervale, NH

In 1884, Joseph Laurent spent his first of many summers in Intervale, NH. Laurent built his family’s summer camp near the train station, on land provided by the owner of the Elmwood Inn. They sold baskets and other goods to tourists. He traveled down from Odanak every summer until his death in 1917. His widow, Georgina Wawanolett, maintained the camp and continued to sell baskets and other crafts, and their son Stephen sustained the family’s legacy until 1994. For 110 years, visitors to Intervale could buy baskets made in Odanak (often by members of the Laurent family).

While locally Joseph Laurent may be best known for establishing the Abenaki Indian Shop in Pequaket, known to settlers as Intervale, others know him for his important linguistic work. Published in Quebec in 1884, New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues not only included vocabular words, but it also gave “grammatical explanations” of the language, which had not been recorded before this book. The timing of the publication and the establishment of the shop are not coincidental. Laurent wanted children in Odanak, including his own, to learn English and learning English made it easier to sell baskets and other items to American tourists.

After Stephen Laurent’s death in 1994, the Abenaki Indian Shop closed. The land surrounding the shop and camp had been purchased by the town of Conway in 1985. In 1991 the Abenaki Indian Shop and camp were added to the National Register of Historic of Places.  

As shown in the nearby photograph, Georgina Wawanolett, Stephen’s mother, was a basket maker. During her lifetime, she made many of the baskets that were sold at the shop. None of the baskets in the case are signed, but they were likely made by Laurent family members. One basket still has its export tag showing that it was made in Odanak by an Abenaki basket maker. After the shop closed, the materials left in the buildings were saved and added to the collections of the Conway Historical Society and the Conway Public Library. The sign from the shop and the baskets on display in the case are on loan from the Conway Historical Society. The photographs, posters, brochures, and other promotional materials in this section are on loan from the Conway Public Library. 

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Living Traditions

In addition to making baskets herself, Annette Nolett teaches workshops to children in the community. The basket on display by Dorothy Nolett was made during a workshop taught by Annette that Dorothy attended when she was 8 years old. This basket has the distinctive cowiss, or curls, that are found in many Abenaki baskets, like the one by Dolores Wawanolett, Annette’s sister, on display here. While the rectangular basket is one Annette made for family members to set by the door to catch the day’s mail, the small, lidded basket is a traditional form that can be seen in the baskets sold by the Laurent family in Intervale.

While the future of brown ash trees is under threat, Annette Nolett continues to maintain and spread traditional knowledge about using brown ash for baskets. The families photographed in front of their camp in Bethlehem, Wawanolett, M’Sadoques, and Benedict, are all included in this basket Nolett made to represent the basket making families in Odanak. Nolett continues to make baskets and carries on the tradition through her teaching. When asked about the blank space in the circles of names, Nolett said she plans to add her daughter’s name, Thompson, as she is continuing to make baskets and keeping the tradition alive.

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Lingering Ash: A Source of Hope

In areas where EAB has killed virtually all the mature ash trees (≥ 4” DBH), sometimes one or more of them not only survive but maintain healthy crowns. Such trees are known as “lingering ash” and have been found for all three widespread northeastern native ash species: white, green (red), and brown (black). Lingering ash provide hope for long-term conservation because U. S. Forest Service scientists have shown that material collected from them can be used in selective breeding programs to yield highly EAB-resistant trees. Resistance breeding should not be seen as a magic bullet; rather, its impacts will likely be greatest when used in combination with other approaches, including effective biocontrol.  

Finding lingering ash requires looking for them at the right places at the right times, because they can be detected only by searching for healthy trees in areas during particular time windows after high levels of EAB-induced mortality have been reached. Thus, identifying where and when to search depends upon tracking these mortality levels across the region. 

The Monitoring and Managing Ash (MaMA) program of the Ecological Research Institute (ERI) includes citizen-science/land-manager projects that determine where and when to search for lingering ash and enable reporting these trees when found. MaMA plays a prominent role in the Tree Species in Peril collaborative initiative led by The Nature Conservancy in collaboration with the US Forest Service. In New Hampshire, MaMA is being implemented through partnerships with natural resource agencies, non-governmental organizations, and dedicated private individuals. Visit here for more information on these projects.

During each stage of EAB’s invasion, steps can be taken to enable lingering ash detection. These can include collecting needed data and, if you manage any ash stands, integrating the search for lingering ash into your overall management strategy. 

Crucially, if all the ash are cut in an area before they’ve declined from EAB, this prevents finding any lingering ash there. This does not mean that no ash can be cut, as there can be good reasons to do so due to economic necessity, particular silvicultural approaches, or the need to harvest some ash to maintain cultural practices. Thus, depending upon needs, capabilities and desired outcomes, some trees can be set aside for mortality monitoring, some can be cut, and others can be chemically treated against EAB. In any case, the more living, chemically untreated ash you leave standing (as long as they are healthy), the greater the likelihood of finding lingering ash once the mortality threshold is reached.

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Additional Resources

Since the emerald ash borer was first detected in North America, scientists and tribal leaders have done a great deal of research to find ways to slow the pest’s progression and save enough seeds to conserve the species. We have collected a mix of peer-reviewed scientific papers and pieces written for a more general audience to provide more background on the research. Feel free to browse the ones on display here. There are more available on our website.

In their work with APCAW, tribal artisans called for direction on how to collect brown ash seed, and in turn, Emily Francis created the Ash Seed Collection Manual and pages on the APCAW website (umaine.edu/apcaw) to share information with anyone interested in collecting seed.

General Resources 

Anthony D’Amato, Amanda Mahaffey, Leonora Pepper, Alexandra Kosiba, Nancy Patch, and Pieter van Loon, Ten Recommendations for Managing Ash in the Face of Emerald Ash Borer and Climate Change, 2020. 

Ten-Recommendations-for-Managing-Ash.pdf 

Tyler D. Everett, EAB Response: An Ash Resource Inventory Field Manual, 2019. 

Ash_Resource_Inventory_Field_Manual_Everett.pdf 

Background Research 

Xiao-Yi Wang, Zhong-Qi Yang, Juli R. Gould, Yi-Nan Zhang, Gui-Jun Liu, En-Shan Liu, “The biology and ecology of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, in China,” Journal of Insect Science, Volume 10, Issue 1, 2010, 128,  

BiologyandEcologyofEAB.pdf 

Cappaert, David; McCullough, Deborah G.; Poland, Therese M.; Siegert, Nathan W. 2005. “Emerald ash borer in North America: a research and regulatory challenge.” American Entomologist. 51(3): 152-165. 

nc_2005_cappaert_001.pdf 

Robert A. Haack, Yuri Baranchikov, Leah S. Bauer, and Therese M. Poland, “Emerald Ash Borer Biology and Invasion History,” in Biology and Control of Emerald Ash Borer, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014. 

EABBiologyandInvasionHistory.pdf 

Wendy S. Klooster, Kamal J. K. Gandhi, Lawrence C. Long, Kayla I. Perry, Kevin B. Rice and Daniel A. Herms, “Ecological Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer in Forests at the Epicenter of the Invasion in North America,” Forests 2018, 9(5), 250. 

forests-09-00250-with-cover.pdf 

Insecticide Use 

Daniel A. Herms, Deborah G. McCullough, David R. Smitley, Clifford S. Sadof, Frederick D. Miller, and Whitney Cranshaw, Insecticide Options for Protecting Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer, 3rd ed., 2019. 

Multistate_EAB_Insecticide_Fact_Sheet.pdf 

Biocontrol 

Bauer, Leah S.; Duan, Jian J.; Gould, Juli R.; Van Driesche, Roy. 2015. “Progress in the classical biological control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America,” The Canadian Entomologist. 147(3): 300-317. 

biocontrol_progress_host_range_studies.pdf 

Jian J. Duan, Juli R. Gould, Ben H. Slager, Nicole F. Quinn, Toby R. Petrice, Therese M. Poland, Leah S. Bauer, Claire E. Rutledge, Joseph S. Elkinton, and Roy Van Driesche, “Progress Toward Successful Biological Control of the Invasive Emerald Ash Borer in the United States.” In Roy G. Van Driesche, Rachel L. Winston, Thomas M. Perring, and Vanessa M. Lopez Contributions of Classical Biological Control to the U.S. Food Security, Forestry, and Biodiversity, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team, FHAAST-2019-05 June 2022, 232-251. 

FHAAST-2019-05-Contributions-Classical-Biocontrol.pdf#page=240.pdf 

Jian J. Duan, Roy G. Van Driesche, Jonathan Schmude, Ryan Crandall, Claire Rutlege, Nicole Quinn, Benjamin H. Slager, Juli R. Gould, Joseph S. Elkinton, “Significant suppression of invasive emerald ash borer by introduced parasitoids: potential for North American ash recovery,” Journal of Pest Science (2022) 95:1081–1090 

Significant_suppression.pdf 

Jian J. Duan1, Jonathan M. Schmude, Toby R. Petrice, Therese M. Poland, Leah S. Bauer, Jennifer L. Chandler, Ryan Crandall, Joseph S. Elkinton, Roy Van Driesche, “Successful establishment, spread, and impact of the introduced parasitoid Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) populations in postinvasion forests in Michigan,” Journal of Economic Entomology, 116(5), 2023, 1518–1528 

spathius_establishemnt_duab_etal2023.pdf 

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Final Note

An exhibition can seem like an endpoint to a research process. The process starts with an idea or an object. There are twists and turns along the way, and it ends with an opening reception. In this case, I see this exhibition instead as a waypoint in a larger process of relationship building. This exhibition would not have been possible without the willingness of the Abenaki Band Council at Odanak to partner with me and open their doors to me. I wantto thank in particular Daniel Nolett, Annette Nolett, Luc Nolett, Jacques Watso, Vicky Desfossés-Bégin, and Patricia Lachapelle. I look forward to finding more ways to help tell the stories of their connections to this region.  
 
Meghan C. Doherty 

Director 

This exhibition was supported in part by a Spotlight on Humanities in Sustainability Studies grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. 

Lenders

Annette Nolett 

Conway Historical Society  

Conway Public Library  

Luc Nolette 

Mt. Kearsarge Indian Museum 

Musée des Abénakis 

New Hampshire Forest Health Program, Division of Forests and Lands 

Text and Images Provided by 

Tyler Everett, Emily Francis, and Ella McDonald, Ash Protection Collaboration Across Wabanakik at the University of Maine, Orono 

David Bernard, W8banaki 

Jonathan Rosenthal and Radka Wildova, Ecological Research Institute

Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this exhibition do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

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